Factors Influencing the Involvement of Minors in Organized Crime Groups (OCGs) in the Canton of Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador

Authors

  • July Loor Vera Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador Autor/a https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2982-728X
  • Jairo Rivera Vásquez Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador Autor/a
  • Genoveva Espinoza Santeli Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador Autor/a
  • Álex Remache Gallegos Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador Autor/a

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63207/k15w7j52

Keywords:

organized crime, Esmeraldas, minors, poverty, youth recruitment

Abstract

This article analyzes the social, economic, and family-related factors that contribute to the recruitment of minors into Organized Crime Groups (OCGs) in the canton of Esmeraldas, one of the most violence-affected areas in Ecuador. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study surveyed 1,021 secondary school students and conducted interviews with three local authorities, combining empirical data from both youth and institutional perspectives. The findings reveal that structural poverty, family disintegration, low parental education, unemployment, and weak state presence are key factors facilitating the involvement of adolescents in criminal organizations. The study also highlights the perception of crime as a pathway to social mobility, especially in communities where economic and educational alternatives are scarce. Adolescents identified improved education, youth employment opportunities, stronger family and community ties, and preventive social programs as the most effective strategies. The article concludes that the issue cannot be addressed solely through punitive measures, but rather through comprehensive, rights-based public policies that integrate education, employment, social protection, and community strengthening as sustainable responses to prevent the involvement of minors in organized crime.

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Published

2025-12-17

Issue

Section

Artículos

How to Cite

Factors Influencing the Involvement of Minors in Organized Crime Groups (OCGs) in the Canton of Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. (2025). Fundamentos, 2. https://doi.org/10.63207/k15w7j52